鍒嗛
棣媺涔嬫
棣媺涔嬫娉曞湅(gu贸) 閬�(d谩)缍壒甯冧笂娌圭暙绺�162脳姗�125鍘樼背姣斿埄鏅�(sh铆)鐨囧缇庤(sh霉)椁ㄨ棌
姝�娌圭暙鏃㈡槸姝峰彶鐣張鏄汉楂旂暙鐨勪笉鏈藉悕浣�銆傞Μ鎷夋槸涓�浣嶇墿鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹�銆侀啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)鍗氬＋锛屾硶鍦�(gu贸)澶ч潻鍛芥檪(sh铆)鎴愮偤鑱锋キ(y猫)闈╁懡瀹�銆�1793骞�7鏈�13鏃�锛屼粬鍦ㄥ閲岀殑娴寸泦涓淇濈殗鍒嗗瓙鎵�鍒�銆傜暙瀹剁敓鍕�(d貌ng)鑰岀湡瀵�(sh铆)鍦板埢鐣簡棣媺涔嬫鐨勭湡鐩�锛岀暙棰�(f膿ng)妤电偤瀵(sh铆)锛屽眬閮ㄥ埢鐣篃寰堣┏瀵�(sh铆)銆傞�欐槸涓�骞呮矇娴镐簬娣卞埢鐨勬偛鍔囨儏鎰熶腑鐨�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨�(ji菐n)娼旇�屽毚(y谩n)璎�(j菒n)?sh霉)娣栭珜璐�?
銆婇Μ鎷変箣姝汇�嬫棦鏄竴骞呮鍙茬暙鍙堟槸鑲栧儚鐣�锛屾槸涓嶆溄鍚嶄綔銆傞Μ鎷夋槸涓�浣嶇墿鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹躲�侀啱(y墨)钘ュ崥澹�锛屾硶鍦�(gu贸)澶ч潻鍛芥槸鎴愮偤鑱锋キ(y猫)闈╁懡瀹�锛屼粬鏄泤鍚勮硴榛ㄧ殑闋�(l菒ng)灏�(d菐o)浜轰箣涓�锛屼粬鍦�1793骞�7鏈�13鏃ュ湪瀹朵腑娴寸泦涓鑸囧弽灏�(du矛)闆呭悇璩撻花鐨勫悏鍊壒榛ㄦ湁鍕剧祼(ji茅)鐨勫コ?锛涘彶鑲块厜绌嗛��?绉戠埦榛涘埡娈鸿韩浜￠Μ鎷夌殑姝绘縺璧蜂簡娉曞湅(gu贸)浜烘皯鐨勬サ澶ф啢鎬掑拰鎶楄锛屼篃娣辨繁闇囬浜嗛仈(d谩)缍壒锛屼粬鐪熷(sh铆)鐨勫埢鐣簡棣媺涔嬫鐨勭湡鐩�锛岀暙棰�(f膿ng)妤电偤瀵(sh铆)锛屽眬閮ㄥ埢鐣篃寰堣┏瀵�(sh铆)銆傞�欐槸涓�鍓矇娴镐簬娣卞埢鐨勬偛鍔囨儏鎰熶腑鐨�銆佺祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨�(ji菐n)娼旇�屽毚(y谩n)璎�(j菒n)?sh霉)娣栭珜?锛岄仈(d谩)缍壒鎴愬姛鐨勬妸浜虹墿鑲栧儚鎻忕躬銆佹鍙茬殑绮剧⒑鎬у拰闈╁懡浜虹墿鐨勬偛鍔囨�х祼(ji茅)鍚堣捣渚�銆�
鍦ㄦ硶鍦�(gu贸)澶ч潻鍛戒腑锛岄仈(d谩)缍壒鏍规摎(j霉)鍦�(gu贸)姘戣鏈�(hu矛)鐨勫缓璀板壍(chu脿ng)浣滀簡涓�浜涘叿鏈夐鏄庨潻鍛芥檪(sh铆)浠ｇ壒寰佺殑鑲栧儚鐣�锛屽叾涓渶鏉板嚭鐨勬槸銆婇Μ鎷変箣姝汇��銆傞�欐槸鍦ㄩΜ鎷夎鍒哄悗鍏╁皬鏅�(sh铆)锛岄仈(d谩)缍壒瓒曞埌鐝�(xi脿n)鍫�(ch菐ng)锛岀偤姝昏�呯暙鐨勮倴鍍�銆傜暙闈㈠啀鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗛Μ鎷夎鍒烘檪(sh铆)鐨勭湡瀵�(sh铆)鎯呮櫙锛屽棣媺宸︽墜鎷胯憲鐨勭鐖惧厡绲︿粬鐨勭煭绠嬪拰鏈ㄥⅸ涓婄殑绱欏梗銆佷究姊濈瓑锛屽湪鐣潰涓婇兘娓呮櫚鍙畝銆傞�欎簺绱�(x矛)绡�(ji茅)鐨勬弿瀵�锛屽湪缇庤(sh霉)鍙蹭笂鏄緢灏戣鐨�锛岄仈(d谩)缍壒閫氶亷鍫�(ch菐ng)鏅殑鎻忓锛屽偝閬�(d谩)鍑轰簡閫欎綅闈╁懡瀹剁殑楂樿泊鍝佽唱(zh矛)鍜岀簿绁為潰璨屻��
銆婇Μ鎷変箣姝汇�嬩互鑲栧儚鐨勫舰寮�锛屾弿绻簡澶ч潻鍛界殑鏉板嚭闋�(l菒ng)灏�(d菐o)浜洪Μ鎷夎瀹崇殑鎮插妵鎯呮櫙锛岀暙瀹剁敤婵�鎯呭拰姝ｇ京鐨勫惗鍠婂閫犱簡涓�鍊�(g猫)姘搁仩(yu菐n)娲诲湪浜哄�戝績涓殑鑻遍泟褰㈣薄銆�
鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滆儗鏅�
璁撀蜂繚鐖韭烽Μ鎷�(1760-1793骞�)鍘熸槸涓�浣嶉啱(y墨)瀛�(xu茅)鍗氬＋鍜岀墿鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹讹紝鐣�(d膩ng)澶ч潻鍛介枊濮嬫檪(sh铆)浠栧氨姣呯劧鎶曡韩浜庨潻鍛�锛屽悗渚嗘垚鐐洪潻鍛界殑闆呭悇璩撻花鐨勪富瑕侀牁(l菒ng)灏�(d菐o)浜轰箣涓�锛岃垏浠ｈ〃澶ц硣鐢�(ch菐n)闅庣礆(j铆)鍒╃泭鐨勫悏鍊壒娲鹃��(j矛n)琛屾縺鐑堢殑鏂楃埈(zh膿ng)銆�1789骞� 8鏈堜粬鍓�(chu脿ng)杈︿簡銆婁汉姘戜箣鍙嬪牨(b脿o)銆�锛屽洜姝や汉鍊戠ū浠栫偤鈥滀汉姘戜箣鍙嬮Μ鎷夆�濄�傝泊鏃忓ぇ璩囩敘(ch菐n)闅庣礆(j铆)寰堝揩瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鍒颁粬鐨勫▉鑴�锛屽反榛庡競闀�(zh菐ng)涓嬩护閫崟浠�锛屼粬涓嶅緱涓嶈翰钘忚捣渚嗭紝鏅濆鍦ㄥ湴涓嬪涓伐浣滐紝鑷翠娇鎮ｄ笂浜嗙毊鑶氱梾锛屽繀闋堟蹈鍦ㄦ韩姘翠腑鎵嶈兘绶╄В鐥涜嫤銆�1793骞�锛屽コ鍒哄澶忕稜钂偮锋煰鐖鹃粵娼涘叆浠栫殑宸ヤ綔鍦伴粸(di菐n)鐢ㄥ寱棣栧埡娈轰簡浠�銆傚湪棣媺琚鍚庡叐灏忔檪(sh铆)锛岄仈(d谩)缍壒绔嬪嵆瓒曞埌鐝�(xi脿n)鍫�(ch菐ng)鐐洪Μ鎷夌暙鍍�锛岄毃鍗冲張鍒板湅(gu贸)姘戣鏈�(hu矛)鐧�(f膩)琛ㄦ紨瑾細鈥滄嬁璧风瓎鐐烘垜鍊戠殑鏈嬪弸寰�(f霉)浠�锛佺偤棣媺寰�(f霉)浠�锛佽畵浠栫殑鎴�(zh脿n)鏁楃殑鏁典汉閲嶆柊鐪嬩簡浠栧凡璁婄殑闈㈠鑰屽け鑹插惂锛佲�濃�滄垜鑱借浜烘皯鐨勮伈闊�锛屾垜鏈嶅緸浠栧��?锛佽竟@鏄竴浣嶉潻鍛借棟琛�(sh霉)瀹剁殑瑾撹█銆�
澶ч潻鍛藉墠閬�(d谩)缍壒鎻忕躬鐨勬槸姝峰彶椤屾潗锛屽�熷彜鍠讳粖锛涘ぇ闈╁懡闁嬪鍚庝粬灏辫綁(zhu菐n)鍚戠洿鎺ユ弿绻従(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)椤屾潗銆傞�欏箙鐣腑鐨勯Μ鎷夋槸鐢熸椿涓殑鐪熷(sh铆)鐨勮嫳闆�銆傞仈(d谩)缍壒鏇惧洖鎲惰锛氣�滈Μ鎷夋鐨勫墠澶�锛岄泤鍚勮硴淇辨▊閮ㄦ淳鎴戝拰鎽╃埦鍘荤湅鏈涗粬銆傜暥(d膩ng)鎴戝�戠湅鍒颁粬鏅�(sh铆)锛屼娇鎴戝ぇ鍚冧竴椹�銆傚湪浠栫殑韬梺鏀捐憲鏈ㄧ锛屼笂闈㈡湁澧ㄦ按鐡跺拰绱�锛屽緸婢＄泦浼稿嚭渚嗙殑锛屾槸鏇剧稉(j墨ng)瀵笅闂�(gu膩n)浜庝汉姘戠鍒╁懠鑱茬殑鎵�?锛佺瀚剧煟缁坒锛氣�滄垜瑾�(r猫n)鐐烘妸浠栨弿绻垚鎴戠湅鍒颁粬鐨勯偅绋Э鎱�(t脿i)--鐐轰汉姘戠殑骞哥鑰屽ギ鐖�(zh膿ng)瀵綔鐨勫Э鎱�(t脿i)锛屾槸寰堟湁鎰忕京鐨�?锛佽斀瑕�鍎窮(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ湅鍒扮殑姝ｆ槸浠栫湡瀵�(sh铆)鐨勫舰璞°��
閬�(d谩)缍壒鍦ㄥ閫犻Μ鎷夌殑褰㈣薄鏅�(sh铆)锛屽姞寮�(qi谩ng)浜嗛潰閮ㄧ殑鍒荤暙锛屽緸閭ｉ幃(zh猫n)瀹氳�屽張鍫�(ji膩n)姣呯殑閬哄涓�锛屾彮绀轰簡棣媺鐨勬�ф牸鐗瑰緛锛岃〃鐝�(xi脿n)鍑轰粬閭ｄ笉椤х柧鐥呯簭韬殑鐥涜嫤鑰岀穵寮靛繕鎴戝伐浣滅殑鍫�(ji膩n)寮�(qi谩ng)鎰忓織銆傜暙闈笂鐨勯Μ鎷夎汉鍦ㄦ荡鐩嗕腑锛岄湶鍑轰簡涓婂崐韬�锛屼粬鍋�(c猫)鍨傝憲闋�锛屽彸鎵嬮倓鎻¤憲绛嗭紝宸︽墜鎷胯憲鍒哄鐣欎笅鐨勫瓧姊�锛屼笂鏇歌嚧鍏皯棣媺鐨勮█瑭�銆傛荡鐩嗛倞鐨勬湪绠变笂澹撹憲涓�寮靛瓧姊濅笂瀵憲锛氣�滆珛(q菒ng)灏囬�欎唤閷㈣綁(zhu菐n)浜ょ郸涓�浣嶆湁5鍊�(g猫)瀛╁瓙鐨勬瘝瑕�锛屽ス鐨勪笀澶凡鐐洪潻鍛界姧鐗蹭簡?锛佸郊顙勭緸@浜涚窗(x矛)绡�(ji茅)濂藉儚琛ㄦ槑棣媺骞舵矑鏈夋锛岄倓鍦ㄥ伐浣滐紝鍙笉閬庡お鐤插嫗鏆檪(sh铆)浼戞伅鐗囧埢銆傚湪閫欓噷锛岀暙瀹剁湡瀵�(sh铆)鍦板閫犱簡涓�浣嶅凡缍�(j墨ng)姝诲幓浣嗕粛姘搁仩(yu菐n)娲昏憲鐨勮嫳闆� 銆�
閫欏箙鍏锋湁姝峰彶鎰忕京鐨勮倴鍍忕暙妲�(g貌u)鍦栬帄閲嶃�佸毚(y谩n)璎�(j菒n)锛屾剰澧冨磭楂�锛岄�犲瀷鍠磾鑰岄鏄�锛岀敤绛嗘繁娌夎�屾湁鍔涘害锛屼汉鐗╁舰璞＄獊鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄦ娊璞＄殑鑳屾櫙涓婏紝鐚跺涓�灏婃诞闆曘�傜偤浣块Μ鎷夌殑褰㈣薄鍏锋湁鑻遍泟姘ｈ唱(zh矛)锛岀暙瀹堕噰鐢ㄨ帄鍤�(y谩n)鐨勫彜浠ｅ纰戝舰寮忥紝鎶婁汉鐗╃殑鑲栧儚鎬ц垏姝峰彶鐨勭湡瀵�(sh铆)鎬у拰闈╁懡闋�(l菒ng)琚栫殑鎮插妵鎬х祼(ji茅)鍚堣捣渚嗭紝浣跨暙闈㈡矇娴稿湪鑲呯﹩銆佹繁娌夌殑鍝�鎮兼埃姘涗腑銆�